The protection of consumer welfare

The assurance of shopper government assistance Presentation The assurance of shopper government assistance is a basic government activity. There are striking monetary difficulties related with low salary families. In this manner, policymakers must think about the usage of serviceable financial methodologies. This is fundamental in making cost and request balances (Arnold 2010, pp. 10).Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on The security of shopper government assistance explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More In a run of the mill economy, different buyers delineate assorted inclinations for different merchandise. It is crucial to grasp how approaches have suggestions on the predominant market patterns. It is important to dissect the buyer conduct and inclinations inside explicit economies. This paper presents a handy way to deal with strategy suggestion on the buying pattern inside the market. The paper applies a theoretical methodology, with the examination of the inclination pattern of products X and Z. The Household Preferences over the Two Goods with Similar Policy Implications on the Household Items In Terms Of the Utility and Level of Consumption of the Two Goods Convex lack of concern bends are widely utilized in the investigation of monetary strategies. In this situation, the presumptions on the speculative merchandise are shown. Great X is estimated along the flat hub. Then again, great Z is estimated along the vertical pivot of the arched bend. The two arrangement choices can be examined from the raised bend. The idea of â€Å"diminishing minimal utility† directs the idea of the arched bend to be applied in the examination (Fakhrul Islam Jabbar 2010, pp. 26). In setting up the suitable family inclination for the two merchandise, the standard of â€Å"diminishing minor utility† might be relevant. The principal strategy advocates for the arrangement of the family unit with a voucher. The voucher is interchangeable for a particular amount of the great X. Noticea bly, the subsequent recommendation advocates for the contribution an enhancement dependent on the pay. This is to be adequately applied in purchasing the benefit of comparative amount.Advertising Looking for exposition on shopper law? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A typical family unit utilization inclination is appropriate for the acknowledgment of equivalent arrangement impact (Mceachern 2012, pp. 34). This identifies with the utility and level of the utilization of the two products. Given the two merchandise, X and Z, the family unit can characterize its inclination. Subsequently, the family unit can orchestrate these inclinations in a request. In this specific circumstance, the inclinations stay total. The approaches give an equivalent position and hugeness. The chart beneath shows the activity of typical family inclination important for the equivalent activity of the two arrangements. (From Gilbert 2004) The Househol d Preferences over the Two Goods with Potentially Different Policy Implications on the Household Items In Terms Of the Utility and Level of Consumption of the Two Goods To accomplish this point, the transitivity inclination of the family is appropriate. A significant suspicion can be drawn from this affiliation. The divergence demonstrates that there is more inclination for a specific decent (Schotter 2009, PP. 45). Hence, it tends to be found that if X is liked to Z, the facts confirm that the family unit has a spatial inclination. The transitivity inclination condition is prominent in this affiliation. The variations on the effect of these two strategies radiates from the distinctions in inclination for the two merchandise, X and Z. At the point when the family delineates a more elevated level of inclination for a specific decent, the other is probably going to be reduced. On the other hand, the less favored great might be provided in less amounts in the market. The law of â€Å" diminishing minor utility† might be pertinent in clarifying the fluctuations in client inclinations (Feldman Serrano 2006, pp. 46).Advertising We will compose a custom article test on The security of purchaser government assistance explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Consequently, these potentially affect strategy detailing. Strategy creators perceive the significance of drawing in open investment forms. There is a possible sign from a positive arrangement on the utility or utilization level of a particular decent. The fundamental ramifications is that most purchasers want to use merchandise that have most favored characteristics. It is accepted that the family unit might be happy with any arrangement upholding for a specific decent or item. The chart beneath demonstrates the condition of inclination wherein the buyers are in an ideal situation. (From Gilbert 2004) Explanation of the Possibility of Occurrence of a Substitute Effect Associated With Either of the Above Policies Most markets are probably going to encounter a substitute impact. The effects of substitute impacts are constantly seen in the interest of different products. The impacts of any change inside the cost urge the customers to pick a specific decent. These customers are bound to buy a particular decent. This pattern might be because of its decrease in cost. A subsequent ascent or increment in the cost of merchandise is probably going to cause a move in the example of procurement (Mceachern 2009, pp. 59). There will undoubtedly be an event of a substitute impact inside any market. In this manner, inside any run of the mill economy, the shoppers are bound to purchase products that retail at extremely low costs. The association of replacement and pay impact may likewise assume a significant job in the advancement of replacement. The salary of the family unit may move. This is because of famous financial components inside the whole market.Advertising Searching for exposition on shopper law? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Fundamentally, replacement impact alludes to the change on the utilization pattern. Replacement impact may involve the adjustment in the usage designs. This happens because of a change remarkable inside relative costs of merchandise inside the market. This pattern can be seen in the activity of different clients or customers. This is consistently because of the famous patterns inside the general market. There is a clear chance of event of a substitute for both of the items under setting (Mceachern 2012, pp. 78). This can be because of a few elements. There are a few factors that may prompt the rise of this example. In the current time, different components assume a huge job in purchaser conduct and inclination. Accordingly, there is a high chance of event of a substitute impact. An Explanation Whether the Policies May Succeed At Both of the Goals Ideally, it is outstanding that these two approaches are not liable to prevail at both of these objectives. The contending request and flex ibly are significant variables inside the general market. In a perfect world, there are numerous components that decide the market harmony (Schotter 2009, PP. 71). Note that the various elements related with advertise designs are basic. The differences saw in the family unit inclination are basic. Especially, this is in the assurance of the accomplishment of the two strategies. Economic situations inside any economy are defenseless to both outer and inner variables. These elements collaborate to reduce the chance of presence of an ideal market . Consequently, there will undoubtedly be a condition of difference in the activity of these two strategies. The client inclinations are bound to control the market request and flexibly drifts. Aside from these, there are other outer elements that may prompt the advancement of remarkable inconsistencies. These incorporate climate conditions, tastes, and winning design inside a specific economy. Pay is a significant factor in the assurance of w inning business sector patterns. By and large, high or expanded pace of pay raises the interest plan. Subsequently, these positively affect the degree of flexibly. The harmony point signifies the basic point inside any market. In any case, even in balance states, clients have the ability to distinguish themselves with popular and important items. There are different methodologies that may be applied. Presentation of new items with lower showcase costs is conceivable. This methodology is probably going to move the focal point of interest inside the market (Mceachern 2012, pp. 112). Aside from this, there is a likely move in the purchaser premiums inside the general market. The presentation of the third great is probably going to help in the move in the essential focus of intrigue. The inclination incorporates one of the indispensable components that direct the overall economic situations. The chart beneath demonstrates the probability of event of a substitute impact between the two m erchandise. Thusly, this has noteworthy effect on the strategies. (From Gilbert 2004) Calculation of the Firm’s Cost Minimizing Input Combination and the Corresponding Level of Minimum Cost It is assumed that the organization is by and by encountering the states of a short-run. The firm additionally has a fixed degree of K at 25 units. In this way, the count of the firm’s limiting information mix and the relating level of least expense is as per the following: Production work = Q = K0.5L0.5 Q = K0.5L0.5 = (8 X 0.5) X (4 X 0.5)â = 2 X 4â = 8 Cost work TC = FC + VC FC = Q FC = K0.5 X L0.5 FC = 8 x 0.5 X 4 x 0.5â = 8 TC 8 + 24â = 32 Cost minimization MC = MR (where MC speak to minor expense and MR speak to peripheral income) MC = change in TC/change in Q TC = C X Q 25X4X8 = C X Q = 800 †C Q = (800 †C) C TC = 800C †C^2 MR = MC 800 †C^2 = 32 800 †32 = 2C 768/2 = 2C/2 C = 384 (least cost) Q = 384/8â = 48 units (least units) Calculation of the Input Combination the Firm Will Use In The Long Run and the Corresponding Level of Minimum Co

Caravaggio Free Essays

Exasperating Michelangelo Aggravating, most prominent Italian Baroque craftsman, was conceived in 1573. He had an unpredictable character and a difficulty character, which he frequently become inebriated and got include into a battle. In 1605, he submitted a homicide and was sentence to death yet he had been working in significant Churches of Rome. We will compose a custom article test on Caravaggio or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now Thusly, he had a significant companion, Cardinal Del Monte, who turned into his support and helped him to escape from Rome to Naples, where he was all the while painting a great deal of mind boggling works. In 1610, Aggravating was allowed pardon by the pope, so he chose to return to Rome. Sadly, he had a fever and kicked the bucket at the sea shore. Irritating presented new style of painting called Naturalism, painting individuals and things genuinely as they are while Renaissance period attempted to paint everybody and everything looks wonderful, excellent garments, gorgeous, blossom in sprout and organic product appear to be prepared to eat, However Aggravating painted revolting individuals, destitute individuals in old battered garments, bloom that was passing on or natural product that was going spoiled. He attempted to get his painted far from perfect of magnificence. This is another thought, which was new advancement of Western workmanship, to think as they may be. Irritating had numerous works center around picture of maggot, that was mean destitute individuals, yet additionally individuals becoming inebriated, prostitute, player, individuals getting battle and criminal operations. He had a great deal of well known work right off the bat was David and Goliath, David holding the head of Goliath, which Goliath head was his self-picture on the grounds that Aggravating has been sentence to death; his head ought to be cut off, however he escape previously, Therefore he painted David show feel sorry for monster and that for caused individuals to feel sorry for him. Furthermore, SST. Mathews Martyrdom, another celebrated picture, was another method of painting. Killer was in a middle and the light was center around killer not a Saint. Thirdly, Cardsharps, betting picture, was an image of rich kid cheated by poor kid, who had additional cards taken care of his belt despite his good faith, and elderly person, who was peering over rich young men shoulder and motioning to his young accessory. He likewise had a ton of another popular work, for example, the craftsman as Bacchus (divine force of wine), Judith deadheading Holystones, The selling out of Christ, Doubting Thomas, and The Conversion of SST. Paul and so on. A considerable lot of his topic upsetting viciousness, murder and execution yet individuals can suffocate by his image more than Renaissance period, that even an image was incredibly lovely, individuals regularly felt separate from the artwork. Individuals may respect the image of individuals falling into the damnation in The Last Judgment by Michelangelo, however they didn't feel truly compromise by it not at all like Aggravating composition. Exasperating By Peppy The most effective method to refer to Caravaggio, Papers

New Organizational Structure of Toyota Motor Corporation Case Study

Question: Examine about theAnalysis of Effectiveness of New Organizational Structure of Toyota Motor Corporation. Answer: Presentation Toyota Motors Corporation is a worldwide association fabricating autos. The enterprise has its home office in Japan and works specialty units over the world. The association has become a main maker in the car business (Gregory, 2015). To endure the adjustment in the business for the past more than multi year, the organization has executed a few changes in the association to improve development, advancement and strength of it vehicle brand of (Toyota-global.com, 2016). This paper investigation the viability of Toyota Corporation the executives to embrace the new authoritative structure utilizing Lewins unfreezing change refreeze model. The paper will incorporate the change drivers, techniques utilized and the administration of obstruction together with hierarchical culture among workers of the association. Foundation Context The Corporation has for long time utilized the customary chain of importance authoritative structure to oversee it organizations. This bureaucratic technique had been brought together the organizations choices to the partnerships central station in Japan. It necessitated that choices be done from headquarter at that point diverted down to the specialty units around the globe. It denied specialty units from settling on custom-made choices that were important for the particular unit activities. The specialty units were likewise not ready to impart thoughts to each other. This hierarchical structure prompted forms that didn't include esteem the Corporation in the present universe of business (Gregory, 2015). It didn't support developments and appropriation of innovation making the company less serious. The adjustment in the authoritative structure began in 2000. This was because of business development that prompted various workers around the globe. It began by initiating smoothing work force association model (Sako, 2004). This has upgraded sharing among workers in the association that has advanced development in the specialty units and the enterprise when all is said in done. In 2011, the organization sketched out another Toyota worldwide Vision. For the accomplished of the vision, the organization thought that it was imperative to change and execute another authoritative structure (Toyota-global.com, 2016). This structure has been examined and dissected in the paper. Attributes of the Toyota New Organizational Structure The organization has had a division hierarchical diagram. This structure has been rearranged to have the accompanying highlights; Worldwide chain of importance: This element guarantees that the organization keeps up it top initiative from the central station. In spite of keeping up this component, the association has expanded forces of directors in different levels to settle on choice. Provincial and organizations unit administrators were permitted to settle on choices and report straightforwardly to head office in Japan. Topographical divisions: the new authoritative structure has sketched out eight divisions. These districts work freely and report to headquarter. This element empowers the areas to enhance the items and administration according to the necessities of the locale. Item based divisions: The new authoritative structure perceives four item based division for the organization. The trademark is intended to improve brand advancements of the Toyota item. It likewise offers support for product offering advancement. Lewins Organizational Change Model in Toyota Motors Corporation This hypothetical model assists supervisors with actualizing change in their associations successfully. It plots the basic stages and techniques to be utilized to lessen obstruction, questions and vulnerabilities from representatives in the association. The model includes three phases; unfreezing, change and refreezing of progress in an association. They are talked about beneath; Unfreezing Stage This is the initial step of actualizing change. It includes breaking of the current culture and status in the association that new can be made. It likewise includes the top administration imparting and making it understood the goal and advantages of the change. Compelling treatment of this stage lessens obstruction from the representatives of the association (Senior and Fleming, 2006). For this situation of Toyota Motors, the top administration must be associated with imparting to youngsters the requirement for embracing the new hierarchical structure. The point of the Toyota hierarchical change is to receive a structure that decentralizes choice made to permit accomplishments of it vision of making items that are earth well disposed and feasible development. Change Is the subsequent stage and includes the execution of the arranged change. The method for doing things is received in this stage. The new activities are seen by representatives occurring in this stage. The representatives are tended to how the change is going to profit them. For this situation of Toyota Motors, Decisions are urged to be done on the site. Territorial and specialty unit administrators settle on choices by utilizing the data on the site. This will show the directors and representatives how quick, accommodation and dependable the choices made on the site are instead of trusting that choices will be produced using central command. Refreezing This is the third and last phase of overseeing change. It includes balancing out executed change. This stand includes techniques that inspire junior chiefs and representatives to grasp and practice change. For the proposed change in Toyota engine Corporation, this stage will include systems that elevate junior supervisors to embrace settling on choices and continually surveying choices to encourage the viability of the change. The senior administration can configuration remunerates that can go about as impetuses for the lesser administrators to rehearse change actualized. Change Drivers The change and rearrangement of the Toyota Motor Corporation hierarchical structure have been driven by the accompanying; Need to catch and pass on purchaser conclusion: There has been expanding requirement for the organization to join clients sentiment in their item. This has prompted expanded need to get the direct data and be utilized to settle on choice in individual locales. Requirement for speedy choices: Due to the dynamism in the market, there has been a developing requirement for snappy brief choices to improve reliable execution. Unified choices were tedious and did not depend nearby data. In this manner, requirement for brief choice activated hierarchical change. Requirement for expanded control: The Corporation has increments in size and requirement for control to upgrade proficiency and adequacy has expanded. This has required consistent check by on location the executives to guarantee that the exercises are in accordance with the associations plans. The survey and proposals of supervisors on location help deal with the specialty unit and it condition. This guarantees the choices taken are adequate to the close by networks. New correspondence innovations: The progression of imparting industry has made it simple for the association to offer help to directors in all levels. This has settled on it accommodation for choices to be made nearby with accessible conference roads. Explicit Strategies for Implementing Change in Toyota Motors Company They incorporate; Rearranging the top managerial staff Decreasing the official dynamic framework New structures to empower nearby dynamic New structures to guarantee outside assessment is tuned in to and utilized in dynamic. Overseeing Resistance and Culture in the Organizational Change Process of Toyota Company Protection from change is basic when executing change. It the job of the companys top supervisors to lessen obstruction among junior and representatives during the usage procedure. Top administration ought to guarantee away from for viable usage of progress (Senior and Fleming, 2006). They ought to guarantee that the change is bolstered by the lesser and workers. This will make it simple for them to change. The top directors ought to likewise take a shot at representatives perspectives to maintain a strategic distance from negative on work mentalities that can diminish assurance in the association. Hierarchical changes do change the associations culture. The new authoritative structure received by Toyota Motors is changing the administration culture in the association and presenting a specialist culture where anyone can instruct and be educated (Toyota-global.com, 2016). The new culture advances development I the association permitting and joining clients assessment in the items fabricated. End From the investigation over, the Toyota Motors Corporation association structure change is an opportune vital change for the organization. The change advances development and consolidation of clients assessment in the items that the organization is producing. The change additionally will guarantee that the partnership produces items that are earth well disposed and improve manageability. The viability of the usage of the authoritative change relies upon the adequacy of the top administration of the organization to apply systems suitably to accomplish the arranged change. Along these lines, the change in authoritative structure of Toyota Motors will empower the organization grow and make items that the clients need. References Floyd, P. (2002). Hierarchical change. Oxford [England]: Capstone Pub. Gabriel, K. (n.d.). Hierarchical Development, Organizational Culture and Organizational Change. SSRN Electronic Journal. Gregory, L. (2015). Toyotas Organizational Structure: An Analysis - Panmore Institute. [online] Panmore Institute. Accessible at: https://panmore.com/toyota-hierarchical structure-investigation [Accessed 12 Oct. 2016]. Hermalin, B. (n.d.). Hierarchical Fixed Costs and Organizational Structure. SSRN Electronic Journal. Ladi, S. (n.d.). Globalization and Europeanization: Analyzing Change. SSRN Electronic Journal. Pasmore, W., Woodman, R. what's more, Shani, A. (2010). Research in organi

Prediction that Capitalism Would Destroy Itself - 275 Words

Prediction that Capitalism Would Destroy Itself (Essay Sample) Content: Name of the StudentName of TutorCourse TitleDate of Submission Joseph Schumpeters prediction that capitalism would destroy itselfJoseph Schumpeter believed that capitalism was the best system economic system, as opposed to socialism (Seldon 156). However, the renowned economist predicted that capitalism would destroy itself over the years (Bodvarsson and Berg 9). Joseph Schumpeter observed that he was actually analysing economic trends across the globe and was therefore, not guided by political persuasion (Gripsrud 54). The focus of this essay is on the two main convictions that Joseph Schumpeter saw as the antecedents to his argument on the demise of capitalism. In the first place, Schumpeter developed the notion of creative destruction, a term that he used to describe the end products of innovation within capitalistic regimes (Bodvarsson and Berg 9). However, Schumpeter believed that the tools that are employed by capitalism such as the analysis of macro variables c an be misleading and could therefore lead to disastrous outcomes (Gripsrud 54). However, Schumpeter noted that capitalism was well acquainted with the development of new products and process that made previous ones obsolete (Seldon127). In essence, the destructive process as envisioned by Schumpeter would revolutionize capitalism and bring in a new structure. Another factor that can be deduced from the extrapolations of Schumpeter is based on the virtues of capitalism (Seldon133). According to Schumpeter, capitalism is characterized by steady but gradual aspects of growth. These gradual patterns are not easy to detect in the short term. Therefore, any defects in the capitalistic system might not be corrected within reasonable time. In conclusion, Schumpeter predicted that capi...

My Experience At My Mini Unit On The Civil Rights Movement

This week I attended all five days of block teaching. Monday was a boring day, because the students were learning the basics of PARCC testing. I just sat there and observed while they took their practice test. The rest of the week Tuesday through Friday I got to teach! I taught my mini unit on the civil rights movement. It was a four day unit and the students really enjoyed it. Having the opportunity to have complete control for four whole days was amazing and a great learning experience for time management. I was able to go at my own pace and my lessons were able to spill over into the next day (this happened a few times). It was so refreshing to not feel rushed and the students got to learn more at their own pace. I really got the feel for classroom management and how planning for a whole week feels like. Since this week was my mini unit week my mentor didn’t teach at all. Therefore I can’t really answer the question of what effective classroom instruction or procedur es my mentor used. I did receive very thoughtful feedback both verbal and written on my week of teaching from my mentor. If I have to answer this question I would say my mentor is very thorough and detailed when she gives feedback to both the students and me. I am currently having the best block experience I could ever ask for so I again (same as the weeks before) do not have any concerns at the moment. I think my mentor is the best fit for me and I am learning so much from her and the students. I reallyShow MoreRelatedWorld War One Essay4745 Words   |  19 PagesQuestion and answer format of everything in world war 1 1. Machine guns: These weapons were first used in the American Civil War to devastating effect. But with World War One their effectiveness reached frightening new levels. 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Conflict Essay- English - 1596 Words

Synthesis Response Conflict is the true test of an individual’s internal strength and understanding, encountering conflict can evoke an individual to reassess their values, morals and beliefs’, staying true is the best way to deal with the animosity. It is through this that social order can deteriorate into conflict and anarchy with disturbing ease; it is a fear of difference and is not always easy to distinguish the innocent from the guilty in contesting situations. Conflict can be the struggle between the protagonists or antagonists against nature, contradictory emotions or opposing forces, manipulating an individual to fulfill the desire of one’s unmeasured flame. Applying a prevailing and emphatic depth into the concept of internal and†¦show more content†¦The sensory details of touch and sight enhances the emotion that Big Brothers controlling government manipulates all internal aspects of an individual. The present reality will be conformed through the party’s laws, traditions and ideology’s, distorting the truth and all the authenticity divulged within life. The audience conveys that as derealisation enhances the alteration in the perception or experience of the external world appears to be eccentric and unreal; the environment resembles an absence of spontaneity, emotional colouring and depth, contrasting to the authenticity of reality. The psychological connections between Winston Smith and Othello are formulated through the internal battle to stay true to core values, morals and beliefs when dealing with the animosity. The conflict of the party being enabled to control and manipulate the encounters of the past, formulating an altered present truth while subduing the minds of innocent humans erupts. The internal strength and understanding of Winston Smith becomes embroiled and absorbed through the power and manipulating force of the party’s propaganda. 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Free Sample on Pathophysiology Case Study

Question: Discuss about the Case Study for Pathophysiology. Answer: Case study 1 1. The patient is having primary aldosteronism or hyperaldosteronism or Conns Syndrome. Additionally, the high level of sodium and potassium in blood indicates hypernatremia and hyperkalemia. It is caused by the hyperaldosteronism (Ashton Acton 2012). 2. The condition is primary; thus, the patient is having a symptom of primary hyperaldosteronism. The symptoms of the patient are indicating that the patient is having an irregular blood aldosterone and rennin ratio. The primary aldosteronism includes the common features including hypertension, hypokalemia and alkalosis. The laboratory tests would reveal high serum aldosterone, low serum rennin, high blood pressure and high-resolution CT abdomen. The patient is having high serum aldosterone and low rennin with high potassium and low sodium in urine (Ashton Acton 2012). Additionally, the bradycardia with depressed ST segment in ECG report is also indicating hypertension that is a symptom of primary hyperaldosteronism. Additionally, the patient is facing frequent urination which is also a sign of the primary disorder. Low rennin concentration is the major indicator of primary hyperaldosteronism. 3. The ST depression in ECG result is causing due to coronary insufficiency. This is due to the changes in electrolyte level in blood serum. Decreased extracellular potassium causes myocardial hyperexcitability. The changes or imbalance in the electrolyte, especially, potassium increases the amplitude of U wave and T wave flattens, ST depression occurs. Therefore, ECG changes are mainly due to changes in potassium level in blood serum (Ashton Acton 2012). 4. In Conns syndrome, blood aldosterone level enhances that enhances the activity of sodium-potassium ATPase in the basolateral membrane of kidney and epithelial sodium and potassium channels, thereby increasing sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion. The symptoms lead to increased extracellular sodium and reduced extracellular potassium. 5. While assessing muscle strength, the patient showed the grade of 3 bilaterally. The bilateral muscle weakness indicates weakness occurring on both sides of the body. The grade 3 muscle weakness refers to the movement against gravity, but no movement against added resistance that is a sign of muscle weakness (Ashton Acton 2012). The proper balance of electrolytes in blood is important for proper functioning of muscles. The low serum potassium level causes muscle weakness. The low potassium level and electrolyte imbalance in the blood leads to osmosis and low acidity in blood are the major cause of muscle weakness, as potassium is important for nerve impulse transmission and muscle contract. 6. A cross-sectional analysis revealed that plasma aldosterone is related to high BP. In hyperaldosteronism, the extracellular sodium level increases with decreased potassium. Increased salt increases the blood pressure with low potassium level. Sodium reabsorption and retention lead to high blood pressure. 7. In the hyperaldosteronism, the increase in aldosterone enhances the activity of sodium-potassium channels and ATPase, thereby increases sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion. The sodium retention increases blood pressure. High blood pressure increases glomerular filtration rate and release of potassium through urine (Ashton Acton 2012). 9. The ABG diagnosis of the patient indicates Alkalosis. Patient's pH is 7.5, that is 7.45 and CO2 is 35. Also, the patient's HCO3- is 26, i.e. 32. Therefore, the signs indicate metabolic alkalosis. It is one of the symptoms of primary hyperaldosteronism. 10. The excess secretion of aldosterone enhances the permeability of sodium and potassium through the membrane channels; sodium level enhances more than the level of potassium loss. It leads to alkalosis and more sodium ion (cation) elevates blood pH (Ashton Acton 2012). 11. The patient has the syndrome due to potassium imbalance; therefore, potassium-sparing diuretic would be suitable, i.e. Spironolactone, as this medicine will help to increase body fluid and prevent too much loss of potassium. 12. The first recommendation would be to consume salt-free diet. The second recommendation would be to consult with an expert physician like endocrinologist. 13. Potassium-sparing medication, aldosterone antagonists and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitorscan help the patient to reduce his symptom related to the Conns syndrome. In the further case, surgery can be suggested (Ashton Acton 2012). Case study 2 1. The patient is going through the stage 3 intracranial hypertension with the sustained increase of ICP with small changes. At this stage, the CPP decreases with increased systolic pressure and dilated blood vessels in the brain. The results lead to increase cerebral blood volume with high leukocytes and protein level. Lowered CPP led to unconsciousness due to reduced cerebral blood flow (Myers 2012). 2. The Biots breathing pattern was identified in the patient. The patient was diagnosed with low breathing rate, 30/minute with no crackles and 61bpm heart rate. The symptoms were related to the respiratory pattern that can be characterized by the clusters of rapid respiration of equal depth followed by regular apnea. Based on the breathing pattern, it can be said that the damage is in medulla oblongata due to uncal or tentorial herniation (Myers 2012). 3. The patient is having small purple rashes on his arms, legs and check. This rash is known as the purpura which is red or purple and arises due to the bleeding into the skin. These rashes do not blanch with pressure, indicating meningitis rashes. 4. The Brain edema increases intracranial pressure leading to brain injury. The meningitis mechanism is indicating that crossing blood-brain barrier leads to vasogenic edema and then the huge amount of white blood cells enter in CSF and the inflammation leads to interstitial edema. The cytotoxic edema also occurs due to decreased blood flow (Myers 2012). The breakdown of tight endothelial junction allows intravascular proteins to penetrate the barrier and the edema spreads with the entry of water into gray matter, thereby swelling occurs. The activation of the immune system enhances the secretion of immune mediators, leading to inflammation. 5. The organism when crossing the blood-brain barrier, it causes the activation of the immune system leading to inflammation. The swelling leads to increased pressure within the skull and enhanced ICP; it lowers CPP. Lowered CPP enhances the blood pressure (Myers 2012). 6. Meningitis leads to the inflammation or swelling of the brain leading to increased intracranial pressure. After crossing the blood-brain barrier, the organism activates the immune system and enhances the secretion of various mediators; it influences the entrance of white blood cells in CSF, thereby enhancing pressure in CSF leading to intracranial pressure. 7. pH is 7.56 that is higher than the normal rate and it indicates the alkalosis. On the other hand, the pCO2 is 25 mmHg that is lower than the normal rate; normal range is 35-45. The normal rate of pHCO3 is 22-28 mEq/L. Therefore, the HCO3 level is normal in patients blood. Overall, respiratory alkalosis is found (Myers 2012). 8. The doctor preferred lumbar puncture instead of a blood test because the bacteria Neisseria meningitides spread and divide in cerebral spinal fluid and the immune response against the organism also occurs in the CSF. The organism would not be found in blood; therefore, to isolate the organism lumber puncture was done (Myers 2012). Case study 3 1. Ms. Myocardium experienced acute myocardial infarction or heart attack due to the blockage of left anterior artery. In this condition, the patient had undergone shock that is known as the cardiogenic shock. It is the condition when the heart is unable to pump blood needs by the body. 2. Ms. Myocardium experienced heart attack due to 95% occlusion of left anterior artery. It is a major hindrance in normal blood flow through the circulatory system. At this condition, due to major blockage, the heart becomes unable to pump enough blood to cells through the blood vessels. Therefore, blood flow reduces. It leads to low blood pressure (Hjemdahl et al. 2012). 3. Due to 95% blockage of left anterior artery, the heart becomes unable to pump blood through the blood vessels. The amount of blood and red blood cells reduces in the blood vessels; thus, the patient looks pale. For the similar reason, the patients body is cold (Fryar et al. 2012). 4. The blood test found the presence of creatine phosphokinase-MB (CPK-MB) which is the most specific and sensitive indicator of acute myocardial infarction or heart attack. The LDH2 is also a significant cardiac marker as it indicates hemolysis or tissue breakdown. The presence of blood myoglobin indicates very recent injury to the heart or skeletal muscle, therefore, the chance of occurrence of heart attack (Hjemdahl et al. 2012). 5. The presence of creatine kinase (CK-MB) indicates heart muscle injury instead of skeletal muscle damage. A high level of LDH2 indicates the occurrence of myocardial infarction. However, myoglobin is not much specific for myocardial infarction. Its presence indicates muscle tissue damage (Fryar et al. 2012). 6. The Q wave indicates the normal left-to-right interventricular depolarization. It indicates an artery of heart is blocked. The ST segment indicates the ventricular depolarization. However, ST elevation in myocardial infarction indicates the full thickness elevation of the affected area (Hjemdahl et al. 2012). 7. The TPA is the most common drug used for the therapy of thrombolytic patient such as a heart attack patent. It is important for dissolving the blood clot in the anterior left artery which led to the blood clot. IT would help to clear the blockage (Fryar et al. 2012). 8. The ejection fraction is 30%. It indicates the heart failure is Systolic heart failure. 9. Indigestion- Blockage of fatty deposits in an artery reduces the blood supply to the heart. Blockage leads to poor blood circulation that can signal abdomen leading to indigestion, for poor oxygen supply (Fryar et al. 2012). Pain between shoulder blades- The damaged tissue in heart or pain in blocked artery sends the signal to the spinal cord leading to shoulder pain. Tachycardia- It is characterized by left ventricular dilation and systolic dysfunction due to the myocardial infarction (Hjemdahl et al. 2012). Reference List Fryar, C.D., Chen, T. and Li, X., 2012. Prevalence of uncontrolled risk factors for cardiovascular disease: United States, 19992010.NCHS data brief,103, pp.1-8. Hjemdahl, P., Rosengren, A. and Steptoe, A., 2012. Stress and cardiovascular disease. London: Springer-Verlag London Ltd. Myers, T., 2012. Meningitis. Cork: Publish on Demand Global LLC. Ashton Acton, P., 2012. Advances in Hyperaldosteronism Research and Treatment: 2012 Edition. ScholarlyEditions.